World War I, A Devastating Clash Between The Central...

World War I, a catastrophic clash between the Central Powers and the Allied powers played a significant role in the social shift across Western countries. Lasting from 1914 to 1918, the war had social consequences that greatly affected gender roles in Europe. Women replaced men in the workforce as hordes of men left the country for war, while men faced harsh gender expectations in the battlefield. Gender roles had existed long before the Great War, which began with the Separation of Spheres, an ideology that emerged in the Industrial revolution, prescribed distinct roles to males and females after 1850. The separation created two spheres or divisions of labor: the public sphere, roles assigned to males that included wage earning and†¦show more content†¦Although women experienced short-term changes in gender roles in the workforce, they received lower wages than men and expected to return to their roles in the domestic sector. In addition, the war emasculated soldiers throug h the traumatic experiences of shell shock, creating harsher male gender expectations in the medical community. The war, imposing brutal war myths, enforced the standards of masculinity and encouraged men to blindingly fight in the war, believing war was a rite of passage to manhood. Although women transitioned to traditionally male occupations in the short term, women received lower wages than men and were expected to return to their lower status effeminate roles after the war. Even during, many women served as nurses and medical personnel tending to the sick and wounded soldiers. In a World War I poster called We Need You, the illustrator depicts a nurse beckoning a women to assist in the war and tend to the injured soldier. The poster is an example of war propaganda that perpetuated the â€Å"nurturing stereotype† of women. They were denied the opportunity to fight in combat and forced to fit into the stereotypical effeminate mold. Women were financially disadvantaged and according to Gail Braybon, â€Å"All wages were low, but women were far lower than men’s, and those who campaigned for workers’ rights risked imprisonment or exile.† Women, especially in Russia experienced extreme

The Debate Between Nature And Nurture - 1828 Words

The debate between nature and nurture is a â€Å"long-standing controversy over the relative contribution that gene and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors† (6, Myers). In this paper, one will examine both sides of the argument providing supportive historical thought provoking ideas by major influential figures. In conclusion, one will state one s position in regard to the issue. Nature as used in this context refers to the contribution of a person s genetic makeup to the development of his or her psychological traits and behaviors. In essence, it is the totality of what a person is born with, be it one s physical bodily matter or innate ideas. Here we shall first turn to the world of the ancients. Plato, the ancient Greek philosopher in his book entitled The Meno portrayal of Socrates, argues that knowledge, that is, all of human knowledge are innate. The soul according to Plato is endowed with complete knowledge of everything; after the death of the body, the soul transfers itself to a new corporeal body and forgets everything. Upon birth, knowledge is innate, but exists only at the latent level. In the dialogue, Socrates demonstrates this through the interrogation of one of Meno s slaves. Questioning the slave boy on geometric figure of a mathematical law which states that the square of the diagonal is double the square of the sides, the slave boy was able, on his own, to elicit or manifest the latent knowledge of theShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Between Nature Vs Nurture1697 Words   |  7 PagesWhat determines who you are or what you will become? The debate between nature versus nurture is trying to figure this out . According to â€Å"Essentials of Psychology†, Jeffrey S. Nevid (2012) Nature versus nurture is the debate about how genetics and nature determine our behavior. In other words, have your attitude, behavior and health problems developed because of how you were raised or who you came from. It is a debate that has stumped psychologists for centuries. The study of twins, both identicalRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Or Nurture874 Words   |  4 Pages Nature or Nurture. Nature may be all of the genes and hereditary factors with which influence them to become who they are such as physical appearances and personality characteristics. Nurturing impacts people’s lives as well as how they are raised and all the environmental factors. In combination, these qualities can be the true identity of oneself. Many people may argue that nurture appears to a play huge factor in the two, but others may think otherwise. Not having both as a characteristic canRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and is concerned with the influence that biology, geneticsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs. Nurture Essay Throughout many years, scientists have been debating about whether nature or nurture is the driving force that shapes a person’s cognitive abilities and personal traits. Before the ongoing debate can be explained, it is necessary to understand what nature and nurture actually are. Nature is loosely defined as the genetics one inherits and tendencies that influence development. Many things in an individual are hereditary, for instance; gender, disease, height, eye color,Read MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 PagesOne of these oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is general ly taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experienceRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesthere has been an on-going debate between nature and nurture. T.H. White, author of The Once and Future King, explores the debate through many of the book’s characters. The issue clearly appears in the relationship of Queen Morgause and her sons, the Orkney brothers. The debate caused people to pick a side, to pick nature over nurture, or nurture over nature. However, it does not have to be one or the other. Nature and nurture work together to determine who we are. Nature does not simply determineRead MoreJames Flynn s Creation Of The Flynn Effect925 Words   |  4 Pagesscores. Psychologists are currently still arguing whether intelligence is inherited or acquired. Nature is focuses more on genetics and hormones while. Nurture, on the other hand, focuses on external factors that have an influence on individuals. Regarding the intelligence debate in Psychology, the most important factor is nurture/environment. One piece of evidence that supports nurture in this debate is James Flynn’s creation of the Flynn effect. During the 1960s and 70s intelligence tests wereRead MoreHuman Behavior: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Nature versus Nurture debate for decades. This debate is about the degree to which our environment and heredity, affects our behavior and developmental stages. According to this debate, nature can be described as, the behavior of a person is occurring because of their genetic makeup. Since the behavior of a person is due to their genetic makeup, then, it (nature) should also influence a person’s growth and development for the duration of their life. However, the nurture side of the debate saysRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 2017 Nature vs Nurture In today’s society, it has become common to question what exactly makes us human. There are many questions to ask that pertains to the idealism of mankind, but the most important would be, â€Å"what shapes us into who we are?† The debate of whether nature or nurture molds the character of our being has been an exhilarating question throughout the history of time. Though this matter is only answered through individual perception, with nature being genetics and nurture servingRead MoreEssay about Child Development, Nature vs Nurture801 Words   |  4 Pages. The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions ofgenetic inheritance  and  environmental factors  to human development. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as  tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slate

Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of Clustering Algorithms. Answer: Introduction The following study incorporates a discussion on the needs of corporate for approaches other than the financial statements to predict the bankruptcy prediction. Use of financial statements has been a primary instrument to predict the bankruptcy probability but in recent years, financial statements are not considered as reliable source to estimate the bankruptcy risk due to several corporate scandals. According to the principles of accounting framework, financial statements are required to be presented by the companies to evaluate the financial performance and position for the use of stakeholders. However, in the present years, it has been noted that several companies prepare and present financial statements that provides misleading information and unfair result on financial performance. Accordingly, the source of financial statements could not be considered as reliable one to evaluate the companys true financial position. Hence, the present assignment involves evaluation of reliable approaches to analyze the bankruptcy prediction for the business organizations. Prediction of bankruptcy is an art to measure and predict the financial distress of the companies that consists of financial research as well as accounting research. In order to predict the probability of bankruptcy, it is essential to evaluate the value of creditors as well as investors since the factors involve the amounts due to be paid by the companies. Accordingly, financial statement has been a primary tool used to analyze the financial position of the companies together with the amount of loans, borrowings and liabilities as well as the duration of loan payments due (Sun et al. 2014). Moreover, it is important to provide true and material information in the financial statement about the financial transactions and other relevant information so that the correct financial position can be determined. On the contrary, several companies fail to comply the regulations of accounting principles and represent fraud and erroneous financial information that does not present true financial position (Yu et al. 2014). Altman et al. (2014) stated that due to several corporate scandals that involved large amount of conspiracy presented material misstatements and erroneous information in the financial statements hence; financial statements cannot be considered as a reliable source. In case of Lehman Brothers, the organizational collapse occurred due to erroneous and fraud valuation presented in the statement of financial position with respect to the valuation of assets, which was over $600 billion (Gambacorta and Mistrulli 2014). One of the significant instruments has been financial ratio analysis to predict the probability of organizational bankruptcy that incorporates the ratio on financial leverage, liquidity as well as profitability (Kou, Peng and Wang 2014). However, the analysis of financial ratio component also depends on the information presented in the financial statement hence reflect unreliable result if the income statement or balance sheet is not correctly reported. Collapse of Bear Sterns is another investment bank, which failed during the year of financial crisis while the large amount loss and the financial statement did not reflect appropriate information of the illiquid assets. Accordingly, the prediction of bankruptcy probability cannot be reliably measured by analyzing financial statements of the company (Iturriaga and Sanz 2015). Accordingly, there are certain approaches that can be used by the companies other than the financial statement analysis that provides reliable results to identify the corporate defaults and the financial status. The financial status of the company can be identified by option valuation method, which involves variability of the stock price and determines the volatility as well as fair pricing of the companys shares in the current market scenario (Gambacorta and Mistrulli 2014). This approach is assists in identifying the correct pricing structure of the companys stock and underlying assets by monitoring the potential risk associated with the underlying stock price, interest rates and dividend value. However, Steele (2014) contended that the approach of option value incorporates several assumptions and forecasts to determine the value of implied volatility and market risks which may not predict accurate theoretical vale of the shares at a given point of time. Statistical techniques is an approach that predicts the financial distress of the company that associates with the matrix related to unique co- variance for each class of data by using the co- variance matrix (Abelln and Mantas 2014). This approach includes assessment of financial distress by using small sample size to evaluate the existing problems of the company related to the internal controls and valuation of resources. On the contrary, Lee and Choi (2013) stated that statistical approach is applied on the basis of inherent assumptions on linearity or independence which could not reflect the appropriate result for the bankruptcy prediction. Bankruptcy prediction is essential to measure the companys ability to repay the liabilities and loans together with the evaluation of potential risks return trade off from the investments. Therefore, organizations are required to apply the most reliable and efficient approach to determine the financial distress free from all material misstatem ents and errors (Iturriaga and Sanz 2015). It has been observed that collapse of Lehman Brothers occurred due to fraud and erroneous financial information incorporated by the company, which was not identified by the independent auditors. As a result, money lenders, investors and other financial institutions could not evaluate the actual financial position as the organization presented overvalued assets and indebted on huge amount of loans hence filed for bankruptcy due to default in payments (Kou, Peng and Wang 2014). Therefore, other than financial statements analysis, approach of intelligent technique can be used by the corporates to measure the true and transparent financial position of the business. Intelligent technique incorporates elements of decisions trees to determine the significant area, which solves the problems of classification (Wang, Ma and Yang 2014). Decision tree is an analysis, which consists of developed algorithms and reflects accurate results from identified samples. The system is used by using several applications in service of finance to evaluate the level of bankruptcy based on the organizational actual performance. Use of intelligent technique provides improved and accurate information on the level of companys finances based on its capacity, which detects the companys efficiency to generate the profitability and cash flow to maintain the business liquidity (Serrano-Cinca and GutiRrez-Nieto 2013). Several organizations use independent variable, which is strongly associate d with the dependent variable based on a specific criterion so that the correct level of financial distress is obtained. In addition, this approach use the index based on gain- ratio which is a method used to measure the financial attributes in different segments of the business organizations hence the obtained result considers less impact from the segmentation downside. While analyzing the sample size in different segments, various trials are considered and in each of the trial segment, new decision tree is been assembled which provides accurate result of bankruptcy prediction of the companies (Delen, Kuzey and Uyar 2013). Therefore, the companies are required to consider intelligent approach to measure the bankruptcy prediction other than the analysis of financial statements which can be manipulated and reflect misstated information on financial performance and position. Conclusion In view of the above discussion, it can be said the prediction of financial position is essential for the purpose of investment, lending loans and advances as well as business deals in credit policy. It has been observed that financial statements do not reflect true and reliable information on companys liquidity position due to corporate scandals and material misstatements. Accordingly, several other methods and techniques have been considered by the corporate that determines accurate level of financial distress of the companies. One such method is option value approach, which evaluates the fair value of companys shares by considering interest rate, dividend amount or rate of inflation. However, intelligent technique is mostly applied by the corporate that incorporates decision trees to determine the level of financial distress and underlying price within the organization. This approach provides accurate result for bankruptcy prediction since it involves independent variables strongl y connected with the dependent variables. The intelligent technique helps in evaluating the accurate financial level in different segments since it consists of several trials and each trial incorporates the construction of new decision tree analysis. Therefore, companies are recommended to implement other approaches other than financial statement analysis to determine the bankruptcy prediction. Reference List Abelln, J. and Mantas, C.J., 2014. Improving experimental studies about ensembles of classifiers for bankruptcy prediction and credit scoring.Expert Systems with Applications,41(8), pp.3825-3830. Altman, E.I., Iwanicz-Drozdowska, M., Laitinen, E.K. and Suvas, A., 2014. Distressed Firm and Bankruptcy Prediction in an International Context: A Review and Empirical Analysis of Altman's Z-Score Model. Delen, D., Kuzey, C. and Uyar, A., 2013. Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3970-3983. Gambacorta, L. and Mistrulli, P.E., 2014. Bank heterogeneity and interest rate setting: what lessons have we learned since Lehman Brothers?.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,46(4), pp.753-778. Iturriaga, F.J.L. and Sanz, I.P., 2015. Bankruptcy visualization and prediction using neural networks: A study of US commercial banks.Expert Systems with applications,42(6), pp.2857-2869. Kou, G., Peng, Y. and Wang, G., 2014. Evaluation of clustering algorithms for financial risk analysis using MCDM methods.Information Sciences,275, pp.1-12. Lee, S. and Choi, W.S., 2013.A multi-industry bankruptcy prediction model using back-propagation neural network and multivariate discriminant analysis.Expert Systems with Applications,40(8), pp.2941-2946. Serrano-Cinca, C. and GutiRrez-Nieto, B., 2013.Partial least square discriminant analysis for bankruptcy prediction.Decision Support Systems,54(3), pp.1245-1255. Steele, S., 2014. The collapse of Lehman brothers and derivative disputes: The relevance of bankruptcy cultures to roles for courts and attitudes of judges.Law Context: A Socio-Legal J.,30, p.51. Sun, J., Li, H., Huang, Q.H. and He, K.Y., 2014.Predicting financial distress and corporate failure: A review from the state-of-the-art definitions, modeling, sampling, and featuring approaches.Knowledge-Based Systems,57, pp.41-56. Wang, G., Ma, J. and Yang, S., 2014. An improved boosting based on feature selection for corporate bankruptcy prediction.Expert Systems with Applications,41(5), pp.2353-2361. Yu, Q., Miche, Y., Sverin, E. and Lendasse, A., 2014.Bankruptcy prediction using extreme learning machine and financial expertise.Neurocomputing,128, pp.296-302.